Organic agriculture environment and food security pdf

Converting to organic aquaculture brings a wide range of environmental advantages. Nevertheless, organic yields are significantly lower than those of modern aquaculture, which will reduce its contribution to global food security. To meet global demand for fish and seafood from an increasing human population, food production from aquaculture must be enhanced since production from capture fisheries has remained stagnant.

Because aquaculture is associated with various environmental constraints, a further increase in fish production will encounter diverse environmental challenges. Greater use of organic aquaculture practices will help to diminish environmental footprints of aquaculture. We propose that fish production could increase through the sustainable intensification of a combination of production systems, including polyculture, integrated aquaculture, and organic aquaculture.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Aquaculture is performed in three different types of water environments and culture locations: 1 inland freshwater aquaculture, 2 coastal brackish water aquaculture, and 3 off-shore marine aquaculture. Irrespective of various water environments, fish cultivation can be categorized into: 1 single species monoculture, 2 multiple species polyculture, and 3 integrated aquaculture with agriculture.

Based on inputs fry, feed, and fertilizer as well as farming intensity, fish production can be characterized into: 1 extensive, 2 semi - intensive, and 3 intensive. Although food security has four interrelated elements: availability, access, utilization, and stability, this article focuses on food availability as well as yields from organic farming.

Naturland is a prominent organic certifying agency of Germany that introduced the first international organic fish culture project in Ireland in , aiming to establish a standard for organic salmon aquaculture, based on principles of the IFOAM and the European organic regulations IFOAM EU Group The actual production of organic aquaculture is higher than current estimates due to unavailability of data from some countries, including Brazil and Indonesia Willer et al.

Soil fertility in aquaculture can increase pond productivity by reducing nutrient loss as well as water seepage through enhancing physical and organic matter that influence soil structure. Organic aquaculture does not allow mangrove deforestation for shrimp cultivation. Yields in aquaculture vary greatly due to differences in farming systems, such as: traditional, extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive.

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Scotland: University of Stirling. The effects of climate change are already evident through reducing yields though, particularly in developing countries due to rising temperature and decreasing water availability Niggli, which calls for a resilient agricultural system to cope with changing climate.

Agriculture sector should both be able to adapt to changes and provide a foundation for mitigating GHG emissions as well as increase productivity to meet global needs. An organic agriculture principle is inclined more towards this goal which is deemed to work with nature rather than against it. It is the most sustainable form of production system that is resilient, can adapt and mitigate climate change Jordan, Its greenhouse gas GHG emission rate is much lower and carbon sequestration in the soil is much higher.

It builds resilience mainly due to eficient use of water, lexibility to withstand extreme weather events and minimize possibility of complete crop failure. Thus, due to resilience, soil stability, water-use eficiency, diversity, mitigation and adaptation features have made organic practice to provide food stability for local community.

In Nepal too food security is very much affected by natural adversities. Likewise looding events are also reported in Tarai to be on rise and more vicious than before. This in addition to frequent crop loss due to disease and insect infestation has been causing agricultural losses WFP, Thus, for climatic stress-stricken country like Nepal organic agriculture provides groundwork for increasing the resilience in agro-ecosystems to intensifying weather extremes such as drought, irregular rainfall, loods and rising temperature.

Through techniques such as crop rotation and mixed cropping manages biodiversity, diversiies and optimizes farm productivity, reduces the need for procuring inputs and stimulates market-orientation among farmers for higher income. It contributes in soil stability and resilience of food supply through agro-ecological approach, which is an important factor in food supply stability. Organic system invests in natural and human capital improving livelihood, providing fair return on labor and offering affordable technology for boosting productivity Scialabba, Organic Agriculture and Food Security, Nevertheless, the proper extension services to bring out these numerous beneits should not be under-emphasized.

Therefore, besides the agriculture system followed, we should also look into various factors which highly affect the overall development of organic sector. When it comes to organic farming in context of Nepal, it is still in its initial phase. Much can be done to improve and uplift this sector. There are numerous ways to support organic farming, some of which are pointed below: i. Producers and consumers both need to be aware of its social, economic, environment and health beneits to form a balance on the production and consumption side.

Organic management is a knowledge-based approach that requires understanding of agro-ecological processes. Lack of experience, training and inadequate extension services might hamper in achieving acceptable yield. Insufficient technical advice might lead to poor management and thus inconsistent quality ibid. Farmers thus should be provided with knowledge of biological principles and ecosystem processes through proper training. The organic farming productivity compared to conventional strongly depends on soil, climatic conditions and choice of crops.

Therefore, it is important that long-term investments be made on capacity building and research and development of location- speciic management system which includes production, distribution and marketing aspects. An effective way to go about it would be to develop farming system comparison trials which will form as a basis for other farmers to make decision on conversion. The most complex issue of increasing soil organic matter, soil microbial activity, managing timely mineralization and nutrient availability can be very demanding especially in areas with limited biomass production due to climatic limitation which is why research should also focus on soil fertility management.

One way of doing this could be being involved in participatory research by which locally adapted technologies will be developed ibid. As for the starters, in order to cover the production cost with lower yields, especially during primary years of conversion; inancial support through subsidies and credit facilities should be made available.

Again for reducing certiication costs, local certiication bodies and participatory guarantee systems should be assured ibid. It should be such as to encourage large scale conversion by farmers in a given area. A strong alliance between public and private sector or any other stakeholders at production and marketing level is also important. For instance an association between manufacturers and a retail company in an Indian state of Madhya Pradesh brought increment in income of farmers in organic cotton production by 10 to 20 percent.

The potential of organic agriculture to contribute to food security greatly depends on political will. Such as in Tigray Region of Northern Ethiopia, the increase in grain and straw yields was higher in ields where compost was used than those with chemical fertilizer or no input were applied.

Since , the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development of Tigray Region adopted compost production as part of its extension package, as a result of which chemical fertilizer use decreased from 13, to 8, tons between and , while total grain yield for the region almost doubled from , to 1.

With this success, production and use of compost has been promoted in other regions as well, through various projects of the Ministry of Agriculture. Another national promotion of organic gardens and farms; Pro-Huerta in Argentina was established in In , the number increased to about , gardens. The main reason for this success is due to institutional structure of National Institute of Agricultural Technology INTA through their territorial presence with effective operational strategies of promotion, training, provision of strategic inputs and technical assistance.

Various approaches were implemented such as entitlement to seeds only upon participation in training courses or access to dual purpose chicks for protein supply only after responsibility and creditworthiness in garden management was conirmed.

This resulted in tripling agricultural wage, mass migration to rural areas and doubling of major crop production towards the end of s, with some crops even surpassing yields of the s. The ability of Cuba to overcome food crisis maintaining basic and equitable food ration for every citizen by going organic shows the role of strong government policy for improved results Brandt, Provided the beneit of organic farming and the opportunity it can provide through export orientation, the government should create national standards to provide directions for all those involved in organic farming and inally build a market mechanism which gives fair return and authentic products.

The exchange of knowledge among resource-poor farmers producing organic products and other stakeholders is very necessary as it can help accelerate innovation and skills. For instance, organic input production like compost requires availability of biomass, usage of available resources and knowledge of composting techniques. Therefore, in order to practice in a large scale production, community-based projects can help produce compost together on particular site so that farmers learn how to produce high-quality compost.

Documenting local achievements and challenges as well and sharing of this information through publication, academics, seminars, conferences, training and other platforms will help in rapid development of organic sector in the country. The role of higher education and research in this regard should be highly prioritized for the promotion of organic agriculture in the country. Thus, this provides an insight on how collaboration between such institutions has helped develop research and generate information, which will only help to further identify deep-rooted problems.

Obstruction in food productivity due to climatic hazards that Nepal has been accustomed to has been further deterred by the rapid climate change. Additionally, the chemical usage has its share of damage done to soil productivity, environment and human health. Hence, a more sustainable form of agriculture should be established. Organic agriculture can be acknowledged as an appropriate practice so far that can overcome the issues of climate change and provide social and economic validity.

Being a knowledge-intensive farming system, it calls for a range of extension services for better yields. Government plays a huge role in changing attitudes and decision making through information dissemination and its favorable policies.

Plenty of facts are available which proves how beneicial organic farming can be to a society. The government should thus play an active role to bring all the stakeholders together to work towards shared goal. References Badgley, C. Organic agriculture and the global food supply. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 22 2 , Brandt, K.

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