Brandt report pdf

The contributing authors are academic scholars of international law, economics and political sciences; active and former diplomats and UN officials; journalists and members of non-governmental organizations NGOs , and offer a variety of interesting perspectives.

Their visions encompassed, inter alia, international peace and security, East-West and North- South Cooperation, and other important domains pertinent to developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

In this volume, the author closely examines the advancements Palme, Kreisky and Brandt made and demonstrates how their visions remain valid for shaping the future of mankind. International Information Author : Peter I. Special attention is given to the consequences of recent institutional restructuring and retrenchment. The book covers institutions, resources, and processes. Chapters discuss the organizational and functional characteristics of IGOs; examine their available resources, including documents now available through electronic sources; and explore the role of the private sector and institutions outside the IGOs in providing access to IGO information.

Hajnal also discusses collection development and reference and information work. This authoritative, up-to-dat. It focuses on how, along with struggles for reforming of their national societies on social democratic lines, they reached out and enlarged their concerns for larger issues affecting other peoples, particularly of the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America and examines their responses to the new challenges of economic globalization, international security and the environment.

Wolfe, The Mississippi Boundary Case. Meyrowitz, Le statut des. Much has happened: the oil crises of the s, the debt crises of the s, the break-up of the Soviet Union in the s, the Millennium Development Goals, the onslaught of Globalization and the rise of its opponents since the financial crisis of the s.

Through it all, development has spread and global poverty declined. The volume assesses the contributions and coherence of developing and developed country policies and the role played by global institutions entrusted with responsibilities to enhance trade and support development.

The volume concludes with a focus on the prospects for the future and the changes needed to make globalization more equitable. Africa in World Politics Author : S. This could be encourages by such measures as the untying of aid.

Developing countries should give special attention to the establishment and extension of payments and credit arrangements among themselves to facilitate trade and to ease balance of payment problems. The emergence of capital-surplus developing countries provides special scope for the establishment of projects on the basis of tripartite arrangements involving developing countries alone or in partnership with industrialized countries. Such arrangements should be supported by both developed and developing countries.

Tripartite projects — including where appropriate, industrialized countries — should be encouraged by nations with complementary resources such as capital and technology. Developing countries should consider what forms of mutual assistance organization might help them to participate more effectively in negotiations and in the work of international organizations and to promote economic cooperation among themselves.

The commodity sector of developing countries should contribute more to economic development through the greater participation of these countries in the processing, marketing and distribution of their commodities.

Action for stabilization of commodity prices at remunerative levels should be undertaken as a matter of urgency. Adequate resources should be provided to enable the Common Fund to encourage and finance effective International Commodity Agreements which would stabilize prices at remunerative levels; to finance national stocking outside ICAs; and to facilitate the carrying out of Second Window activities such as storage, processing, marketing, productivity improvement and diversification.

Compensatory financing facilities should be expanded and improved to provide more adequately for shortfalls in real commodity export earnings. The mutual interests of producing and consuming countries in the development of mineral resources requires the creation of new financial agreements, leading to more equitable and stable mineral development agreements, greater assurance of world mineral supplies and increased developing-country participation in their resource development.

A new financing facility, whose primary function will be to provide concessional finance for mineral exploration, should be established on the basis of a global responsibility for investment in mineral development. An orderly transition is required from high dependence on increasingly scarce non-renewable energy sources.

Immediate steps towards an international strategy on energy should be taken as part of the Emergency Programme recommended in the final chapter of this report. Prices which reflect the long term scarcities will play an important part in this transition; orderly and predictable price changes are important to facilitate a smooth development of the world economy. Special arrangements including financial assistance should be made top ensure supplies to poorer developing countries.

International and regional financial agencies must increase substantially their financing of exploration and development of renewable energy resources. A global energy research centre should be created under UN auspices to coordinate information and projections and to support research on new energy resources. The industrialisation of developing countries, as a means of their overall development efforts, will provide increasing opportunities for world trade and need not conflict with the long term interests of developed countries.

It should be facilitated as a matter of international policy. Protectionism threatens the future of the world economy and is inimical to the long term interests of developing and developed countries alike. Protectionism by industrialized countries against the exports of developing countries should be rolled back; this should be facilitated by improved institutional machinery and new trading rules and principles. Adjustments to new patterns of world industrial production should be accepted as a necessary and desirable process.

Industrialised countries should vigorously pursue positive and time-bound adjustment programmes developed through international consultation and subject to international surveillance. Safeguard measures must be internationally negotiated and should be taken only on the basis of established need. They should be non discriminatory, of limited duration and subject to international surveillance. The Generalized System of Preferences should be eased in respect of its rules of origin, its expectations and its limits.

It should be extended beyond its present expiration and not be liable to unilateral termination. Financial support and technical assistance should be given to the poorer countries to facilitate their establishment of improved commercial infrastructure and their participation in international trade negotiations. Fair labour standards should be internationally agreed in order to prevent unfair competition and to facilitate trade liberalization.

Meanwhile, there is a need for improvements in existing arrangements including wider development of trade cooperation in such matters as the establishment and administration of rules, principles and codes covering restrictive business practices and technology transfer.

Effective national laws and international codes of conduct are needed to govern the sharing of technology, to control restrictive business practices, and to provide a framework for the activities of transnational corporations. The investment regime we propose would include:. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources is the right of all countries.

It is necessary, however, that nationalization be accompanied by appropriate and effective compensation, under internationally comparable principles which should be embodied in national laws. Increasing use should also be made of international mechanisms of settling disputes. Greater international, regional and national efforts are needed to support the development of technology in developing countries and the transfer of appropriate technology to them at reasonable cost.

There should be increased efforts in both rich and poor countries to develop appropriate technology in the light of changing constraints regarding energy and ecology; the flow of information about such technology should be improved. The reform of the international monetary system should be urgently undertaken by all interested parties building on the large measure of consensus which emerged in the Committee of Twenty, and taking account of current difficulties and dangers.

Reform involves improvements in the exchange rate regime, the reserve system, the balance of payments adjustment process, and the overall management of the system which should permit the participation of the whole international community.

Mechanisms should be agreed for creating and distributing an international currency to be used for clearing and settling outstanding balances between central banks. Such a currency would replace the use of national currencies as international reserves. New SDRs should be created by to the extent called for by the need for non-inflationary increases in world liquidity. The distribution of such unconditional liquidity should favor the developing countries who presently bear high adjustment burdens.

Such a distribution — often referred to as an SDR link — would also assist the adjustment process of the international monetary system. There should be agreement on an adjustment process which will not increase contractionist pressures in the world economy. The adjustment process of developing countries should be placed in the context of maintaining long-term economic and social development.

The IMF should avoid inappropriate or excessive regulation of their economies, and should not impose highly deflationary measures as standard adjustment policy. It should also improve and greatly extend the scope of its compensatory financing facility, for example by relaxing quota limits, measuring shortfalls in real terms and making repayment terms more flexible. Surplus countries should accept greater responsibility for payments adjustments, and IMF measures to encourage this should be considered.

Increased stability of international exchange rates, particularly among key currencies, should be sought through domestic discipline and coordination of appropriate national policies. The participation of developing countries in the staffing, management and decision-making of the IMF should be enlarged. In furthering the demonetization of gold, the bulk of the IMF gold stock should, after the completion of the present sales arrangements, be used as collateral against which the IMF can borrow from the market for onward lending particularly to middle-income developing countries.

Staggered sales should also be undertaken and accruing profits of such sales should also be used as interest subsidy on loans to low-income developing countries. There must be a substantial increase in the transfer of resources to developing countries in order to finance:.

Resource transfers should be made more predictable by long term commitments to provide ODA, increasing use of automatically mobilized revenues and the lengthening of the IDA replenishment period. Consideration should be given to the creation of a new international financial institution — a World Development Fund — with universal membership, and in which decision making is more evenly shared between lenders and borrowers, to supplement existing institutions and diversify lending policies and practices.

The World Development Fund would seek to satisfy the unmet needs in the financing structure, in particular that of programme lending. Ultimately it could serve as a channel for such resources as may be raised on a universal and automatic basis. There is a need for major additional multilateral finance to support mineral and energy exploration and development in developing countries.

Some of this would come from existing institutions, but we believe that there is a case for a new facility for this purpose.

The flow of lending from commercial banks and other private financial bodies to developing countries must be strengthened. Middle-income countries need special measures to lengthen the maturity of their debt structures and poorer developing countries should be enabled to borrow more easily in the market. The World Bank and other international financial institutions should assist this process by co-financing, by the provision of guarantees, and by using concessional funds to improve lending terms and reduce interest rates.

Measures should be adopted to facilitate the placing of bonds by developing countries in international markets. These should include the removal of restrictions and the provision of guarantees and adequate arrangements for the assessment of risks. Policies, agreements and institutions in the field of international economic, financial and monetary cooperation should be guided by the principle of universality. The UN system, which faces ever-expanding tasks, needs to be strengthened and made more efficient.

This calls for more coordination of budgets, programmes and personal policies, to avoid duplication of tasks and wasteful overlapping. The performance of the various multilateral organizations in the field of international development should be regularly monitored by a high-level advisory body.

There needs to be a review of the present system of negotiations to see whether more flexible, expeditious and result-orientated procedures can be introduced without detracting from cooperation within established groups.

Increased attention should be paid to educating public opinion and the younger generation about the importance of international cooperation. The occasional use of limited summit meetings should be considered to advance the cause of consensus and change. The commission argues that the world economy is functioning so poorly that it is damaging all nations.

Over the next two decades, the combination of huge population growth with inflation, erratic exchange rates, protectionism and unemployment will challenge the very survival of humanity.

The report states that global cooperation is the only way to address these issues, with sacrifices and adjustments necessary for all nations, but especially those nations who currently have a greater share of resources. A new international order must not only adjust to the complexities of society, but continually readjust to its changing nature with forethought and negotiation.

The true impetus for this change can only come after the global public has been educated about the need to defend the basic human rights of all people and to demand justice, freedom and peace.

Only then will the necessary political decisions be made by governments. The commission urges for bold and urgent action in creating a new international order, before it is forced upon the international community through its current instability. The Commission group together a range of crucial issues - from mass poverty and unemployment to poor economic growth and unfair trade - as the direct result of current international political and economic policies geared to the self interests of individual nations.

Thus it places the responsibility with individual nations, North and South, East and West, who must now make long-term plans in cooperation with the international community to ensure justice for their people.

Regional and sub-regional banks need to be better funded and managed, to increase their role in development finance. Better representation also applies to the IMF, who must also allow for a longer period of adjustment by borrowers. The commission postulated a 5 year emergency programme to take effect immediately to avert the most serious dangers and benefit all countries.

Principal elements are:. A start on major reforms in the international economic system concentrating on:. The report states:. Its implementation will do much to create confidence, stimulate trade and investment, and improve prospects for growth in the world economy. Conducted in partnership between North and South, it would amount to a major step towards a new international order, and the development of a true community.

The Commission emphasises the need for a summit of leaders, with industrialized and developing countries fairly represented, with a common conviction and mutual interest. This would allow initiatives and concessions to be debated and agreed upon. Such a summit could shift the international climate towards focusing on finding solutions to current world problems and encourage future negotiation and cooperation on which more fundamental economic change could rest.

The prime directive of the summit, however, would be the implementation of the Emergency Programme, and it would work in conjunction with other ongoing discussions. To conclude:. The fate of both is immediately connected. Skip to main content. Search form. Willy Brandt. An Overview The best selling book to date on International Development issues, the Brandt Report is a broad based analysis of the state of the world, with a necessary emphasis on the failure of the world economic system to provide social and economic equality for humanity.

North-South: The Setting The commission broadly categorise developing countries as those which occupy the southern hemisphere and developed countries as those which occupy the northern hemisphere, while acknowledging exceptions to this generalisation and emphasising the common global economy that all countries function within.

Dimensions of Development The Commission argues that although the nature of internal structural reform will vary widely from country to country, economic development will require a profound transformation of the entire international economic system. Health: Although life expectancy has increased in the third world, the report links a number of crucial issues to a dysfunctional global economy and provides shocking statistics on the lack of access to medical care, clean water and sanitation.

Housing: With populations shifting away from the countryside and into cities, alongside high birth rates and widespread unemployment and poverty, up to two-thirds of all families in some third world cities remain unable to afford basic housing. In Italics below are reprinted recommendations that the Commission made in various chapters of the report: The Poorest Countries An action programme must be launched comprising of emergency and longer-term measures, to assist the poverty belts of Africa and Asia and particularly the least developed countries.

Hunger and Food There must be an end to mass hunger and malnutrition. Population: Growth, Movement and the Environment In view of the vicious cycle between poverty and high birth rates the rapid population growth in developing countries gives added urgency to the need to fight hunger, disease, malnutrition and illiteracy. Disarmament and Development The public must be made more aware of the terrible danger to world stability caused by the arms race, of the burden it imposes on national economies, and of the resources it diverts from peaceful development.

The Task of the South In any assault on international poverty, social and economic reforms within developing countries must compliment the critical role to be played by the international environment for development, which itself needs to be made more favourable.

Commodity Trade and Development The commodity sector of developing countries should contribute more to economic development through the greater participation of these countries in the processing, marketing and distribution of their commodities.

Energy An orderly transition is required from high dependence on increasingly scarce non-renewable energy sources. Industrialisation and World Trade The industrialisation of developing countries, as a means of their overall development efforts, will provide increasing opportunities for world trade and need not conflict with the long term interests of developed countries.

Transnational Corporations, investment and the Sharing of Technology Effective national laws and international codes of conduct are needed to govern the sharing of technology, to control restrictive business practices, and to provide a framework for the activities of transnational corporations. The investment regime we propose would include: Reciprocal obligations on the part of host and home countries covering foreign investment transfer of technology, and repatriation of profits, royalties and dividends.

Legislation coordinated in home and host countries, to regulate transnational corporation activities in matters such as ethical behavior, disclosure of information, restrictive business practices and labor standards. Intergovernmental cooperation in regard to tax policies and the monitoring of transfer pricing.

Harmonization of fiscal and other incentives among host developing countries. Projects and programmes to alleviate poverty and to expand food production, especially in the least developed countries. Exploration and development of energy and mineral resources. Stabilization of the prices and earnings of commodity exports and expand domestic processing of commodities.

An international system of universal revenue mobilization, based on a sliding scale related to national income, in which East European and developing countries — except the poorest countries- would participate. The adoption of timetables to increase Official Development Assistance from industrialized countries to 0.

Introduction of automatic revenue reserves through international levies on some of the following: international trade, arms production or exports; international travel; the global commons, especially sea bed minerals. Doubling the borrowing-to-capital ratio of the World Bank from its present gearing of to , and similar action by Regional Development Banks. Abstaining from the imposition of political conditions on the operations of multilateral financial institutions.

Channelling an increased share of development finance through regional institutions.